TUTORIAL GUIDE / ADDITIONAL NOTES TO LESSON III. *** Welcome to you. Here we are with Additional Notes to Lesson III. NOUNS / CASES Lesson III gets us across to two more new cases. 1. Ablatiive Case [ Pa~ncamii or Fifth Case ] 2. Genitive Case [ Cha.t.thi or Sixth Case ] ABLATIVE CASE : its uses 1.a. to denote place, person or thing from which something moves away or is removed [ = from ...] e.g.i.abbhaa mutto 'va candimaa. Dhp.v.173 =from the cloud =freed, moved away = iva = like = moon ii. sokaa tamhaa papatanti uda + binduu 'va pokkharaa. Dhp.v.336 =griefs =from him =fall off =drops of water =like = from a lotus leaf iii.Atha kho bhagavaa saaya.nha + samaya.m pa.tisallaanaa =there upon =Exalted One =evening =time =from retirement vu.t.thito A.185 = risen [out of ] iv. okaa an + okam aagamma viveke yattha =from home =to homeless = having come = in detachment = wherein duurama.m Dhp.v. 87 = difficult to delight 1.b. verbs which imply freeing from [ like rt. muc mu~ncati ] take the Ablative. e.g. i. ajja evaruupaa dukkhaaa mu~ncissaami iti = today = from this sort = suffering =I shall be freed = thus somanassajaato. Matakabhatta Jt. = gladdened 1.c. verbs with the sense of abstaining and refraining from [ like vi + ramati ] take the Ablative. e.g. i. paa.naatipaataa viramaami khippa.m = from destruction of life = I shall abstain = without delay DhpA. Ma.t.thaku.n.dali Vatthu 1. d. the indeclinable 'yaava' together with the ablative sets the limit 'up to' / 'as far as' in relation to time, place or person. e.g. i.yaava sattamaa pitaamahayugaa [ = time ] Vin. III. 209 = up to = the seventh = grand father period [ generation ] ii. hattho naama kappara.m upaadaaya yaava = hand = is = elbow = starting from = up to agga + nakhaa [ = place] Vin. III.121 = finger nail tips iii. eten'eva upaayena yaava sa.mgha + navakaa = in this same = manner = up to = the young monks gaahaapetabbaa [ = person ] Vin.III.247 = should cause to be taken 1.e. suffix - 'to' added to nouns gives the meaning of the Ablative [= from...] e.g. i. pema + to jaayati soko [ = source of origin ] = from love = there arises = grief Dhp.v. 213 ii. pema + to vippamuttassa natthi soko kuto bhaya.m = from love = to him separated = is no = grief = whence = fear [ = separation from ].. .. GENITIVE CASE : its uses 2.a. Genitive case is used to denote possessor or possession e.g. i. Purisassa hi jaatassa ku.thraari jaayate = of every man = who is born = an axe = is born mukhe S.I.149 = in the mouth ii. Yassa assumukho roda.m vipaaka. m = whose = tear - faced = while crying = fruition, effects pa.tisevati Dhp. v. 67 = undergoes, suffers 2.b. Genitive is also used to imply the source of fear and trepidation. e.g. i. Sabbe tasanti da.n.dassa sabbe bhaayanti = All = dread = of being assaulted = all = are frightened macccuno Dhp. v. 129 = of death 2.c. Genitive is also used for 'selection out of '. This also called selective or partitive genitive. e.g. i. Sambuddho dipada.m se.t.tho balivaddo = Supreme Buddha = out of bipeds = is the best = ox catuppadam = out of quadrupeds ii sussuusaa se.t.thaa bhariyaana.m yo ca = obedient girl = is best = out of wives = who is puttaana.m assavo = out of sons = who is obedient S. I. 6 2.d. The doer of the action of a passive verb is also [ like the Instrumental ] put in the Genitive. This is called the genitive of agent. e.g. i. Ye puggalaa a.t.tha sata.m pasatthaa = Those who = persons = eight = by the virteous = praised Sn. v. 227 GRAMMATICAL NOTES Comments on the new words introduced, their forms and their usage. ABLATIVE CASE MUTTO [ 1.a.i.] Past Passive Participle : p.p.p. rt. muc + ta > muk + ta > mutta ] of rt. /muc [ mu + ~n + c ] mu~ncati [ intransitive ] = releases oneself muc + ya : muccati [ passive ] = is released moceti [causative : moc + e,aya ] = releases PAPATANTI [ 1.a.ii ] : rt. /pat patati = falls [ prefix pa + patati ] UDABINDU [ 1.a.ii ] : drops of water. Genitive Case Compound uda = water + bindu = drop SAAYANHA + SAMAYA [ 1.a.iii] : saaya.nha = evening + samaya = time. Adjectival Compound. PATISALLAANAA [1.a.iii] : Prefixes pati + sa.m + rt. lii / layana = retirement. A verbal noun form. VU.T.THITA [1.a.iii] p.p.p. [ vi + ud + rt. .thaa / .thita = vu.t.thita ] AAGAMMA [ 1.a.iv ] Pubbakiriyaa: absolutive = having come [ prefix aa+ rt. gam + ya ]rt. gam /gacchati. AJJA [ 1.b.i ] indeclinable = today hiiyyo = yesterday sve = tomorrow PAANAATIPAATA [ 1.c.i ] : destruction of life. Genitive Case Compound. [ paa.na + ati + paata ] paa.na = life. Prefix ati + causative form pateti of patati means destroys. VIRAMAAMI [ 1.c.i ] : abstain, desist from. Prefix vi + rt. ramati = delight in. viramati = abstain from veramanii = abstinence SATTAMA [ 1.d.i ] = seventh. Suffix -ma added to cardinal numbers like pa~nca = five and satta = seven and onwards turns t hem into ordinals : a.t.tha + ma = eighth, nava + ma = ninth etc. UPAADAAYA [ 1.d.ii ] Pubbakiriyaa : absolutive = having taken up = starting from. [ prefixes upa + aa + rt. daa + ya ]. Upaadiyati = takes up, clings onto. GANHAPETABBA [ 1.d.iii ] . Future Passive Participle/ Causative = should cause to be taken. Rt. /gah ga.nhaati = takes [ Ga.nha + aape + suffix tabba ] JAAYATI [ 1.e. i ] rt. jan / jaayati = is born, arises. rt. jan / janeti = gives birth to, generates. ppp. = jaata e.g. Eva.m ta.m jaayate pema.m = Thus does love arise. Maayaa janayi Gotama.m = Maya gave birth to Gotama. VIPPAMUTTA [ 1.e.ii ] Past Passive Participle [ prefixes vi + pa + rt. muc + suffix ta ] GENITIVE CASE RODAM [ 2.a.ii ] Present Participle. Rt. rud / rodati = cries. Base rod + am / ant : rodam , rodanto. e.g. kara.m purisakiccaani., cara.m ce naadhigaccheyya, ti.t.tha.m cara.m nisinno vaa. PA.TISEVATI [ 2.a.ii ] Prefix pa.ti + rt. sev / sevati. TASANTI [ 2.b. i ] Rt. tas / tasati = to tremble, to be scared of. Also tasati / tassati = crave, thirst for. Takes the genitive case as the source of fear: tasanti da.n.dassa = scared of the rod. SABBE [ 2.b.ii ] Pronoun. Masculine nominative plural. Feminine sabbaa. e.g. Sabbaa nadii vankagataa sabbe ka.t.thamayaa vanaa. DIPADA.M [ 2.c.i ] Genitive plural of dipad [ This is the survival of a historical form dvipadaa.m in Sanskrit]. Compare the parallel form in catuppada.m [ genitive plural ]. SUSSUUSAA [ 2.c.i ] Desiderative from reduplicated rt. su / su.naati , su.noti [ su + ssuu + sa + ti ] = one who wishes to hear, to listen. ASSAVA [ 2.c.i ] Prefix aa + rt. su / su.naati = loyal , obedient SATAM [ 2.d. i ] Genitive plural of sat [ survival of a historical form sataa.m ]. Here the genitive case plays the role of the intrumental of agent. PASATTHA [ 2.d.i ] Past Passive Participle. Prefix pa + rt. sas / sa.msati = praises [ pa + sas + ta = pasattha ] Please read these notes over and over again. Build your word power and gain mastery over constructions. Good luck to you. Dhammavihari.