Lesson XVIII
A. Declension of Satthu,  m. Teacher
			SINGULAR			PLURAL
Nom.		satthaa				satthaaro
Voc.		sattha, satthaa			satthaaro
Acc.		satthaara.m			satthaaro, satthaare
Instr., Abl.		satthaaraa			satthaarebhi, satthaarehi
Dat., Gen.		satthu, satthuno		satthaaraana.m, satthaana.m
			satthussa
Loc.		satthari			satthaaresu, satthusu

bhattu,	husband
daatu, 	giver
jetu,	conqueror
kattu,	doer
nattu,	nephew
-aatu, 	knower
netu,	leader
sotu, 	hearer 
vattu,	talker 
etc. are declined like " satthu ".

				Pitu,  m. father
			SINGULAR		PLURAL
Nom.		pitaa			pitaro
Voc.		pita, pitaa		pitaro
Acc.		pitara.m		pitaro, pitare
Instr., Abl		pitaraa, pitunaa		pituubhi, pituuhi
						pitarebhi, pitarehi
Dat., Gen		pitu, pituno		pitaraana.m, pituuna.m
			pitussa			pitunna.m, pitaana.m
Loc.		pitari			pitaresu, pitusu


bhaatu, brother is declined like " pitu ".
maatu, mother is also declined like " pitu " with the exception of the following:

SINGULAR  	Inst., Abl. maataraa, maatuyaa
			Dat., Gen. maatu, maatuyaa
Dhiitu, duhitu - daughter, are declined like " maatu ".
B. Causal Forms (Kaarita)
Causals are formed by adding " e ", " aya " to roots ending in " u " and " uu ", " aape ", " aapaya " to roots ending in " aa " and all the four or two to the other roots. The terminations are added afterwards. All tenses, moods and participles have their own causal forms. The initial vowel, not followed by a double consonant, often undergoes vuddhi substitute. Sometimes the vuddhi substitutes " e " and " o " are changed into " aya " and " ava " respectively.
Examples:-
paca 	+ e 	+ ti	= paaceti 	- causes to cook
paca 	+ aya 	+ ti 	= paacayati
paca	+ aape	+ ti 	= paacaapeti
paca	+ aapaya + ti 	= paacaapayati
paacesi, paacayii, paacaapesi, paacaapayii,	 he caused to cook
paacessati, paacayissati, paacaapessati, paacaapayissati, 	he will cause to cook

daa 		+ aape 		= daapeti 	-causes to give
daa		+ aapaya	= daapayati 	-causes to give
chidi 	+ e 	+ ti 	= chindeti 	-causes to cut
chidi 	+ aape 	+ ti	= chindaapeti 	-causes to cut
ni		+ aape	+ ti 	= nayaapeti 	-causes to lead
gamu 	+ e 	+ ti 	= gameti 	-causes to go
su 		+ e 	+ ti 	= saaveti 	-causes to hear
bhuu 	+ e 	+ ti	= bhaaveti 	-develops -lit. causes to become
Intransitive verbs become transitive, and ordinary transitive verbs take two objects when they assume causal forms.
Examples :-
Rukkho patati.			The tree falls.
So rukkha.m paateti.		He makes the tree fall.
Daaso odana.m pacati.		The servant is cooking rice.
So daasa.m odana.m paaceti.		He makes the servant cook rice.
Sometimes the agent of the causal verb or, in other words the indirect object is put in the Instrumental case e.g.,
So daasena odana.m paaceti.
In some cases the causal forms modify the original meaning of the verb; e.g.,
vaca -to speak,	vaaceti -reads
bhuu -to be,		bhaaveti -develops, cultivates
Exercise xviii
A
1. " Nam'atthu* satthuno ".
2. " Tayaa suta.m dhamma.m amhe'pi saavehi ".
3. Satthaa saavake dhamma.m desaapeti (or saavakehi).
4. Pitaa putta.m gaama.m gameti.
5. Maataa attano dhiitara.m nahaapetvaa paa.thasaala.m pesesi.
6. Bhattaa attano bhariyaaya atithayo sa~nga.nhaapesi.
7. Dhiitaro, daasehi daaruuni aaharaapetvaa aggi.m daapetha.
8. Dhiituuhi maataro ca pitaro ca rakkhitabbaa, maatuuhi ca pituuhi ca dhiitaro rakkhitabbaa.
9. Maataa dhiitare satthaara.m vandaapeti.
10. Aha.m maatuyaa ca pitaraa ca saddhi.m aaraama.m gantvaa te dhamma.m saavessaami.
11. Maatula, maya.m pana tava nattaaro homa. Tasmaa no saadhuka.m ugga.nhaapehi.
12. Satthaa sotaare saccaani bodhento gaamaa gaama.m nagaraa nagara.m vicarati.
13. Tesa.m ra.t.the dhitimante netaare na passaama.
14. Maatari ca pitari ca aadarena mayha.m bhattaa attano dhanena mahanta.m ghara.m kaaraapetvaa te tattha vasaapesi.

* Namo + atthu = nam'atthu
atthu -Benedictive mood 3rd person singular of asa -to be.


B
1. Talkers are not always doers.
2. The leaders are not always conquerors.
3. My father taught my brother well and made him a leader of the country.
4. I made my mother give alms to the disciples of the Teacher.
5. My nephew is reading the letter sent by his father.
6. Virtuous daughters cause their husbands to treat their mothers and fathers well.
7. Daily my father and mother cultivate good-will towards all beings and advise us also to do likewise.
8. Of my two brothers one is a talker and the other is a doer.
9. I do not cause my servants to give food to my husband.
10. Let the Teacher cause the monks to preach the Doctrine. There will be knowers. They will understand the Truth and make others realise their Deliverance.
11. Our father made our brothers cut the trees in the garden.
12. The conquerors caused the people to erect a large hall in the kingdom.
13. Daughters, you should not do evil, nor cause others to do evil.
14. The monks should neither dig the ground nor cause others to dig the ground.